Thymosin Alpha-1

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BUY2GET1TA1-5

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BUY2GET1TA1-10

Compliance & Disclaimer

• For Research Use Only
• Not FDA or EMA approved for clinical application
• Evidence is limited to preclinical studies; safety and efficacy in humans remain unestablished.

Thymosin Alpha-1 is a synthetic 28-amino-acid peptide originally isolated from thymic tissue and derived from the N-terminal region of prothymosin alpha. It is recognized as an immunomodulatory agent that interacts with multiple immune pathways. Mechanistically, Tα1 exerts its effects through activation of Toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR9) on dendritic cells and other immune subsets, initiating downstream signaling cascades such as NF-κB and IRF pathways, which promote cytokine production and enhance both innate and adaptive immune responses. [cloudmedical.io], [mdpi.com]

Preclinical and clinical research has explored Tα1 in contexts of immune dysregulation, including chronic viral infections, malignancies, and inflammatory conditions. Studies indicate that Tα1 can influence T-cell differentiation, increase CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratios, and stimulate natural killer (NK) cell activity under experimental conditions. Investigations have also examined its role as an adjunct in vaccine response and its potential to restore immune homeostasis in sepsis and severe infections. [frontiersin.org], [dovepress.com] [imcwc.com], [bmj.com]

Recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses highlight Tα1’s capacity to modulate inflammatory markers and improve immune profiles in acute inflammatory states, while ongoing research continues to assess its pharmacodynamics, receptor interactions, and clinical relevance in oncology and infectious disease models. [frontiersin.org], [thomashealthblog.com]

Key Peer-Reviewed References

1. Dominari A. et al. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World J Virol. 2020; 9(5):67–78. DOI:10.5501/wjv.v9.i5.67 [imcwc.com]
2. King R., Tuthill C. Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 Treatment. Vitamins and Hormones, Vol. 102. Elsevier, 2016. DOI:10.1016/bs.vh.2016.04.003 [cloudmedical.io]
3. Tao N. et al. Thymosin α1 and Its Role in Viral Infectious Diseases: Mechanism and Clinical Application. Molecules. 2023;28(8):3539. DOI:10.3390/molecules28083539 [mdpi.com]
4. Tian Y. et al. Thymosin alpha 1 alleviates inflammation and prevents infection in severe acute pancreatitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1571456. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1571456 [frontiersin.org]
5. Wu J. et al. The efficacy and safety of thymosin α1 for sepsis (TESTS): phase 3 trial. BMJ. 2025;388:e082583. DOI:10.1136/bmj-2024-082583 [bmj.com]
6. Costantini C. et al. A Reappraisal of Thymosin Alpha1 in Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol. 2019;9:873. DOI:10.3389/fonc.2019.00873 [thomashealthblog.com]