NAD+ (10 Vial Box)

Compliance & Disclaimer

• For Research Use Only
• Not FDA or EMA approved for clinical application
• Evidence is limited to preclinical studies; safety and efficacy in humans remain unestablished.

NAD⁺ is a ubiquitous pyridine nucleotide that functions as a central redox coenzyme and a substrate for multiple signaling enzymes. It exists in oxidized (NAD⁺) and reduced (NADH) forms, enabling electron transfer in metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, thereby sustaining ATP production and cellular energy homeostasis. [nature.com], [nature.com]

Mechanistic Insights

• Redox Carrier: NAD⁺ accepts hydride ions during catabolic reactions and donates them via NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport chain, coupling substrate oxidation to ATP synthesis. [nature.com]
• Enzymatic Cofactor: Beyond energy metabolism, NAD⁺ serves as a substrate for sirtuins, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), and CD38, mediating processes such as DNA repair, chromatin remodeling, and epigenetic regulation. [regeneraun...ersity.com], [dspace.mit.edu]
• Signaling Functions: NAD⁺ metabolism generates secondary messengers like cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), influencing calcium signaling and immune responses. [nature.com]
• Compartmentalization: Distinct NAD⁺ pools exist in the nucleus, cytosol, and mitochondria, each regulating specialized functions such as genomic stability and mitochondrial dynamics (fusion, fission, mitophagy). [nature.com]

Research Applications

• Aging and Longevity: NAD⁺ levels decline with age, contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and impaired DNA repair. Restoration of NAD⁺ via precursors (e.g., NMN, NR) or inhibition of NAD⁺-consuming enzymes has been shown to activate sirtuins and improve metabolic resilience in preclinical models. [regeneraun...ersity.com], [nature.com]
• Mitochondrial Biology: NAD⁺ modulates mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation through SIRT3-mediated deacetylation of key metabolic enzymes, enhancing energy efficiency and stress resistance. [techscience.com]
• Neuroprotection and Metabolic Health: Investigations link NAD⁺ repletion to improved neuronal survival, insulin sensitivity, and cardiovascular function, positioning it as a candidate for studying age-related and metabolic disorders. [link.springer.com], [clintransm...eropen.com]

Key Peer-Reviewed References

1. Migaud M.E. et al. Regulation of and challenges in targeting NAD⁺ metabolism. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2024. DOI:10.1038/s41580-024-00752-w [nature.com]
2. Covarrubias A.J. et al. NAD⁺ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2020. DOI:10.1038/s41580-020-00313-x [regeneraun...ersity.com]
3. Guarente L., Imai S. NAD⁺ and sirtuins in aging and disease. Trends Cell Biol. 2014;24(8):464–471. DOI:10.1016/j.tcb.2014.04.002 [dspace.mit.edu]
4. Mishra K., Kakhlon O. The Crucial Role of NAD⁺ in Mitochondrial Metabolic Regulation. BIOCELL. 2025;49(7):1101–1123. DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.061725 [techscience.com]
5. Li H. et al. The Role of NAD⁺ Metabolism in Cardiovascular Diseases: Mechanisms and Prospects. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2025;25:307–327. DOI:10.1007/s40256-024-00711-y [link.springer.com]