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L-Glutathione
  • L-Glutathione
  • L-Glutathione
L-Glutathione

L-Glutathione

$62.00 USD
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BUY2GET1GLUTA-1500

 

Compliance & Disclaimer

  • For Research Use Only
  • Not FDA or EMA approved for clinical application
  • Evidence is limited to preclinical studies; safety and efficacy in humans remain unestablished. 


L‑Glutathione is an endogenous tripeptide—γ‑L‑glutamyl‑L‑cysteinyl‑glycine—present at millimolar concentrations in most cells, where it functions as a primary non‑enzymatic antioxidant and nucleophile central to redox homeostasis, detoxification, and cell signaling. In healthy cells, reduced glutathione (GSH) predominates over oxidized glutathione (GSSG) by one to two orders of magnitude, and the GSH:GSSG ratio serves as a sensitive index of cellular redox status and stress responses. [mdpi.com], [frontiersin.org] [frontiersin.org], [link.springer.com]

Mechanistic Insights

  • Redox Cycling & Antioxidant Defense:
    GSH neutralizes reactive oxygen and nitrogen species directly and via glutathione peroxidases (GPx), yielding GSSG, which is recycled to GSH by glutathione reductase (GR) using NADPH. This rapid GSH↔GSSG cycling maintains redox balance and protects DNA, lipids, and proteins from oxidative injury. [biologyinsights.com], [nbinno.com]

  • Protein S‑Glutathionylation & Signaling:
    GSH forms mixed disulfides with protein thiols (S‑glutathionylation), a reversible post‑translational modification controlled by glutaredoxins (Grx) that modulates enzyme activity, transcription factors, and signaling cascades under physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. [mdpi.com], [link.springer.com]

  • Phase II Detoxification (GSTs):
    As a conjugating cofactor, GSH is consumed by glutathione S‑transferases (GSTs) to inactivate electrophiles/xenobiotics and facilitate their export. GST expression and polymorphisms link detox capacity to disease states and drug resistance paradigms in human tissues. [mdpi.com], [openaccess...urnals.com]

  • Compartmentalization & Transport:
    Although synthesized in the cytosol (γ‑glutamylcysteine ligase + glutathione synthetase), GSH’s functions depend on intra‑organellar pools and inter‑organ transport, with the liver playing a central role in systemic distribution. [mdpi.com]

Research Applications

  • Redox Biology & Cell Fate:
    GSH/GSSG ratios are used to interrogate oxidative stress, apoptosis vs. survival decisions, and redox‑dependent gene regulation across models of aging, cancer, and inflammatory disease. [frontiersin.org], [link.springer.com]

  • Detoxification & Mitochondrial Integrity:
    GSH supports mitochondrial resilience and serves as a cofactor for GSTs/GPx during xenobiotic clearance; dysregulation is implicated in NAFLD and other organ pathologies where oxidative stress amplifies injury. [frontiersin.org], [plminstitute.org]

  • Immune Modulation:
    Experimental and review data describe GSH’s roles in T‑cell function, NK cell activity, and antioxidant crosstalk (e.g., vitamin C/E recycling), situating GSH at the interface of redox and immunity in acute and chronic settings. [researched...ionals.com]

Supplementation & Delivery (Research Context)

  • Conventional Oral GSH:
    Oral glutathione faces gastrointestinal degradation (e.g., γ‑glutamyltranspeptidase), limiting systemic uptake; formulations often aim to circumvent digestion or provide precursors (e.g., cysteine via NAC) to boost endogenous synthesis. [workuphq.com]

  • Liposomal GSH:
    Liposomal encapsulation may enhance oral/orobuccal bioavailability by protecting GSH and improving cellular uptake; small human studies report increased blood GSH and changes in antioxidant/immune markers, though larger, controlled trials are needed for definitive efficacy across indications. [cellg8.com], [workuphq.com]

Note: The therapeutic utility of GSH in chronic diseases (e.g., NAFLD) remains investigational; reviews emphasize mechanistic plausibility but highlight the need for rigorous clinical trials and standardized delivery strategies before broad clinical adoption. [frontiersin.org]

Key Peer‑Reviewed & Scientific References

  1. Vašková J. et al. Glutathione‑Related Enzymes and Proteins: A Review. Molecules. 2023;28(3):1447. DOI:10.3390/molecules28031447 — synthesis, compartmentalization, enzymatic networks (GPx, GSTs, Grx). [mdpi.com]
  2. Chai Y‑C., Mieyal J.J. Glutathione and Glutaredoxin—Key Players in Cellular Redox Homeostasis and Signaling. Antioxidants. 2023;12(8):1553. DOI:10.3390/antiox12081553 — S‑glutathionylation and Grx‑mediated signaling. [mdpi.com]
  3. Aquilano K. et al. Glutathione: new roles in redox signaling for an old antioxidant. Front Pharmacol. 2014;5:196. DOI:10.3389/fphar.2014.00196 — GSH/GSSG dynamics, nitroxidative signaling. [frontiersin.org]
  4. Santacroce G. et al. Glutathione: Pharmacological aspects and implications for clinical use in NAFLD. Front Med. 2023;10:1124275. DOI:10.3389/fmed.2023.1124275 — mechanistic basis and clinical evidence gaps in liver disease. [frontiersin.org]
  5. WorkupHQ Knowledge. Bioavailability of Liposomal Glutathione. 2024 — delivery mechanisms and human trial summary. [workuphq.com]
  6. Miller A., Blair E. Absorption, Safety, and Detoxification Effects of Oral Liposomal Glutathione (CELLg8®). 2023 (Townsend e‑Letter) — small studies on blood GSH and detox markers. [cellg8.com]


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