L-Carnitine (10 Vial Box)

L-Carnitine: Biochemical Role and Sources

L-Carnitine is a quaternary ammonium compound derived from the amino acids lysine and methionine. It plays a critical role in cellular energy metabolism by facilitating the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane via the carnitine shuttle system. This process enables β-oxidation of fatty acids, leading to the generation of acetyl-CoA and subsequent ATP production within the tricarboxylic acid cycle, particularly during periods of increased energy demand such as exercise or fasting. [mdpi.com], [encyclopedia.pub]

Endogenously, L-Carnitine is synthesized primarily in the liver and kidneys through a multi-step pathway involving Nε-trimethyllysine hydroxylase and related enzymes. Its homeostasis is maintained through renal reabsorption and regulated excretion. While the human body can produce sufficient amounts under normal conditions, L-Carnitine is also obtained from dietary sources, predominantly animal-based foods such as red meat and dairy products, which provide the majority of exogenous intake. [mdpi.com], [en.wikipedia.org] [ods.od.nih.gov]

Physiologically, approximately 95% of total body L-Carnitine is stored in skeletal and cardiac muscle, reflecting its importance in tissues with high oxidative capacity. Beyond its role in fatty acid oxidation, L-Carnitine contributes to maintaining mitochondrial acetyl-CoA/CoA balance and supports metabolic flexibility. [mdpi.com], [encyclopedia.pub]

Key References

1. Virmani MA, Cirulli M. The Role of L-Carnitine in Mitochondria, Prevention of Metabolic Inflexibility and Disease Initiation. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(5):2717. doi:10.3390/ijms23052717. [mdpi.com]
2. Knottnerus SJG, et al. Disorders of mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid oxidation and the carnitine shuttle. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2018;19:93–106. [link.springer.com]
3. Mohile N, et al. A Comprehensive Review of L-Carnitine. J Med Plant Herbs. 2024;3:1–15. [jscholaronline.org]
4. Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH. Carnitine - Health Professional Fact Sheet. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Carnitine-HealthProfessional. [ods.od.nih.gov]
5. Encyclopedia MDPI. Carnitine in Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Transport and β-Oxidation. Molecules.